Theoretical Construction and Clinical Application of Doctor-patient Shared Decision-making / 中国医学伦理学

On the basis of combing and reflecting on the literature related to doctor-patient shared decision-making, this paper proposed the necessity of discussing the ethical basis of shared decision-making from a theoretical perspective, and attempted to analyze the suitability of Aristotle’s "friendship" ideology as its ethics’ basis. At the practical level, starting from Ropohl’s technical ethics, it was recommended to establish a shared decision-making responsibility sharing system, providing methodological guidelines for the clinical application of shared decision-making.

Variación fenotípica del erizo Eucidaris tribuloides (Cidaroida: Cidaridae) en el Corredor Arrecifal del Suroeste del Golfo de México

Introducción: La variación morfológica intraespecífica puede ser el resultado del desarrollo ontogénico, la variación genética o la heterogeneidad ambiental. En el último caso, los organismos están expuestos a diversas condiciones ambientales, lo que puede influir en el comportamiento y las adaptaciones morfológicas de las especies. Precisamente, el Corredor Arrecifal del Suroeste del Golfo de México (CASGM) está compuesto por arrecifes separados geográficamente que están expuestos a diferentes factores oceanográficos, así como atributos propios con múltiples variables ambientales. Por lo tanto, es posible encontrar diferencias morfológicas de las poblaciones de especies que se distribuyen en el corredor. Objetivo: Determinar la variación morfológica de la linterna de Aristóteles del erizo de mar Eucidaris tribuloides a lo largo del CASGM. Métodos: Se analizó la relación alométrica entre la altura de la linterna versus diámetro de la testa en 104 especímenes, también realizamos un análisis de covarianza para detectar diferencias alométricas entre grupos. Se analizó la variación de la forma de una rótula y una semipirámide de cada erizo de mar mediante morfometría geométrica. Resultados: Existen diferencias alométricas entre sistemas arrecifales. La forma de la rótula y semipirámide de los erizos de mar del norte son diferentes a los erizos del centro y el sur; sin embargo, no hubo diferencias de forma entre el centro y el sur. El tamaño centroide de la rótula y semipirámide de los erizos de mar del norte son significativamente más grandes que los del centro y el sur. Conclusiones: A lo largo del Corredor Arrecifal del Suroeste del Golfo de México, los individuos de E. tribuloides mostraron variación morfológica en sus estructuras analizadas, dichos resultados, pueden ser explicados por los gradientes latitudinales y ambientales del CASGM, además de los hábitos alimenticios de la especie y la disponibilidad del recurso alimenticio en el ambiente donde se establecen.

Introduction: Intraspecific morphological variation can be attributed to the result of genetic variation or influence of environmental heterogeneity. In the latter case, organisms are exposed to diverse environmental conditions which have an influence on their biological processes and can be seen reflected in the morphological adaptations of species. Indeed, Reef Corridor in the Southwest Gulf of Mexico (CASGM, in its Spanish acronym) is constituted of geographically separated reefs that are exposed to different large-scale oceanographic factors and show their own attributes with multiple environmental variables. Therefore, this can stimulate morphological variations of species populations that are distributed in this corridor. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the morphological variation of the Aristotle's lantern of the sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides along CASGM. Methods: The allometric relation between height of the Aristotle's lantern and diameter of the test of 104 specimens was analyzed, and we also used a covariance analysis to detect allometric differences between groups. Apart from that, the variation of the shape of a rotule and a demi-pyramid for each sea urchin were analyzed using geometric morphometry. Results: There are allometric differences among reef systems in the north, center and south of Veracruz. The shape of rotula and demi-pyramid of sea urchins of the north zone are different from the central and south area. However, there were no differences in shape between the center and the South area. The centroid size of rotula and demi-pyramid of the sea urchins of the North are larger than those in the center and the South. Conclusions: Along the Corridor of the Southwest of the Gulf of Mexico, specimens of E. tribuloides showed a morphological variation in their analyzed structures, these results can be explained by the geographical and environmental gradients of the CASGM, in addition to the feeding habits of E. tribuloides and the availability of the food resource in the habitat where they are established. As a stimulus to the morphological variation found in this research, the distance among the reef systems and the marine currents patterns are also considered.

Aristotle vs Galen: Medieval Reception of Ancient Embryology / 의사학

In their embryology, Aristotle and Galen greatly disagreed on the role of human derived materials like menstrual blood and vaginal secretion (called by them female sperm or semen). This gap made those two ancients also disagree on their understanding of mother's role in the generation of the human body in her womb. During the Middle Ages, especially during the thirteenth century, the scholastics drew on those two ancient thoughts for some rational underpinnings of their philosophical and theological doctrines. However, the manners of adoption and assimilation were varied. For example, Albert the Great strived to reconcile the two in the image of Avicenna, one of the main and the most important sources of Galenist medicine in the thirteenth Century. By contrast, those scholastics who played an important role in the controversy over plurality/unicity of the substantial form, drew on their disagreements. For example, pluralists like Bonaventure, William of la Mare, and Duns Scotus appealed to Galenist medical perspective to underpin their positions and paved ways to decorate Virgin Mary's motherhood and her active contribution to the Virgin birth and to the manhood of her Holy Son. in contrast a unicist like Thomas Aquinas advanced his theory in line with Aristotelian model that Mary's role in her Son's birth and manhood was passive and material. Giles, another unicist, while repudiating Galenist embryology with the support of Averroes's medical work called Colliget, alluded to some theologically crucial impieties with which might be associated some pluralists' Mariology based on the Roman physician's model. In this processus historiae, we can see not only the intertwining of medieval medicine, philosophy, and theology, but some critical moments where medicine provided, side by side with philosophy, natural settings and explanations for religious marvels or miracles such as the Virgin birth, the motherhood of Mary, the manhood of Christ, etc. Likewise, we can observe two medieval maxims coincide and resonate: “philosophia ancilla theologiae” and “philosophia et medicina duae sorores sunt.”

El amigo en Aristóteles como posibilidad de autoconocimiento ylas diferencias con un adulador 1 / The friend in Aristotle as a possibility for self-knowledge and the differences between a friend and a flatterer / O amigo em aristóteles como possibilidade de autoconhecimento e as diferenças com um adulador

Resumen Desde la perspectiva aristotélica, se establecen las diferencias que existen entre un amigo y un adulador, describiéndose los elementos esenciales que hacen parte de una relación de amistad verdadera donde confluyen elementos de ética y de autoconocimiento. Se establece es este sentido, y de acuerdo con el Estagirita, que se puede tener una relación amistosa si se dan estas condiciones:1) hacer el bien o lo que parece el bien a otros; 2) querer que su amigo exista y viva por el amor de su propio amigo; 3) pasar el tiempo con el amigo y elegir las mismas cosas que este; 4) compartir las alegrías y penas del amigo. En sentido contrario, no hay amistad si no existen condiciones de igualdad, semejanza de virtud y reciprocidad entre los amigos; donde cada uno desea el bien para el otro, tanto como para sí mismo.

Abstract From the aristotelean perspective, the differences between a friend and a flatterer are established, describing the essential elements which constitute a true friendship relationship, where elements of ethics as an essential virtue and self-knowledge come together. In this sense, it is established, following the Stagirite, that one have a friendship relationship without these conditions: 1) doing good, or what seems to be good, to others; 2) wishing that your friend exists and loves for the love of their own friend; 3) spending time with and choosing the same things as your friend; 4) sharing your friend's happiness and sorrows. Conversely, there can be no friendship if there are no conditions of equality, similar virtue and reciprocity between friends; where one wishes good for the other as much as for oneself.

Resumo Desde a perspectiva Aristotélica, se estabelecem as diferenças que existem entre um amigo e um adulador, descrevendo-se os elementos essenciais que fazem parte de uma relação de amizade verdadeira onde confluem elementos de ética como virtude essencial e de autoconhecimento. Se estabelece é este sentido, e de acordo com o Estagirita, que se pode ter uma relação amistosa se dão estas condições:1)fazer o bem ou o que parece o bem aos outros; 2) querer que seu amigo exista e viva pelo amor do seu próprio amigo; 3) passar o tempo com o amigo e eleger as mesmas coisas que este; 4) compartilhar as alegrias e angústias do amigo. No sentido contrário, não há amizade se não existem condições de igualdade, semelhança de virtude e reciprocidade entre os amigos; onde cada um deseja o bem para o outro, tanto como para si mesmo.

Historia de los retos actuales de la Fisiología Experimental / History of the present challenges of Experimental Physiology

Introducción: La fisiología experimental es una ciencia exitosa como muestra el volumen de sus resultados, publicaciones, sociedades, así como el premio Nobel. No obstante, hoy enfrenta nuevos retos. Entre estos: concepciones animistas de nuevo tipo, presiones diversas que dificultan la experimentación y reduccionismo a otras disciplinas. Objetivo: Obtener en la historia las pistas que contribuyan a enfrentar los desafíos de la Fisiología actual. Material y Método. El método histórico-lógico se utilizó, desde la etapa de las cavernas hasta el origen de la Fisiología experimental y su establecimiento definitivo. Resultados: Se encontró una secuencia de apariciones y desapariciones de los retos. La interpretación animista de las funciones comenzó cuando el hombre vivía en cuevas y concluyó en Grecia con los physiologoi. La prioridad proclamada por Aristóteles de la observación catalizó el nacimiento de la Anatomía y se favoreció el reduccionismo de la Fisiología. Poco después del origen de la Fisiología con Harvey (1628), hubo intentos de reducir la Fisiología a leyes físicas (iatrofisica) y químicas (iatroquímica) que fracasaron. Estos fallos guiaron al resurgimiento del nuevo animismo desarrollado por Stahl y Barthez. Finalmente, la consolidación de la fisiología experimental en el siglo XIX significó: a) el fin del reduccionismo; b) la superioridad de la experimentación; c) el colapso del animismo Stahl-Barthez y el preformismo. Conclusiones: La Fisiología enfrenta actualmente desafíos con raíces en el pasado; los retos del presente tienen una secuencia de apariciones y desapariciones(AU)

Introduction: Experiment Physiology is a successful science as it is shown in the amount of results, publications, societies, and the Nobel Prize. However, it faces new challenges today. Among them, we can mention: animist conceptions of a new type, diverse pressures that make experimentation difficult, and reductionism to other disciplines. Objective: To obtain, from history, the clues that contribute to face the challenges of present Physiology. Material and Method: The historical-logical method was used, from the era of the caves to the origin of experimental physiology and its final establishment. Results: A sequence of appearance and disappearance of the challenges was found. The animist interpretation of the functions began when the man used to live in caves, and finished in Greece with the physiologoi. The priority of observation proclaimed by Aristotle catalyzed the beginning of Anatomy, and reductionism benefitted from Physiology. Shortly afterwards the origin of Physiology with Harvey (1628), there were attempts to reduce Physiology to physical (iatrophysics) and chemical laws (iatrochemistry), which both failed. These failures lead to the appearance of the new animism developed by Stahl and Barthez. Finally, the consolidation of experimental physiology in the 19th Century meant: a) the end of reductionism; b) the superiority of experimentation; c) the disappearance of Stahl-Barthez animism, and preformism. Conclusions: At present, Physiology faces challenges that are due to the past; these present challenges have a sequence of appearances and disappearances(AU)

The signifier in motion: the movement of language in Psychoanalysis and in Aristotle´s linguistic theory

Abstract The article examines the relation between language and movement in Freud´s Project for a Scientific Psychology and Lacan´s seminars four and seven, in the first of which Lacan aligns the anguishing movement in which the subject knows he is caught up with Aristotle´s theorization of infinite movement in Aristotle´s Physics. The article argues that it is also treatment of the category of scheme (σχῆµα) - at once elocutionary form and corporeal motion - that psychoanalysis can glean significant knowledge concerning the relation of language and movement, especially stylized movement that is of the order of the discontinuity of the symbolic, but which nevertheless intricates the flesh that enjoys.

ANTÍGONA Y ARISTÓTELES: UNA LECTURA A DOS VOCES ACERCA DE LA AMBIGÜEDAD DE LA TÉCNICA / ANTIGONE AND ARISTOTLE: INTERPRETING TWO VOICES ON THE AMBIGUITY OF THE TECHNIQUE / ANTÍGONA E ARISTÓTELES: UMA LEITURA A DUAS VOZES SOBRE A AMBIGUIDADE DA TÉCNICA

En el "Canto al hombre", recogido en Antígona, Sófocles puso de relieve la ambigüedad moral de la técnica. Ya que puede ser usada tanto para bien como para mal, requiere una orientación superior, representada por las leyes divinas. Este tema es retomado por Aristóteles, aunque sobre bases seculares, con su idea de que hay cosas que son justas o injustas por naturaleza. Para él, la recta orientación de la técnica no depende primeramente del conocimiento de ciertas reglas éticas, sino de la formación del carácter, ya que el conocimiento del bien depende de las disposiciones morales del sujeto.

In the "Ode to Man," in Antigone, Sophocles stressed the moral ambiguity of the technique. Since it can be used for both good and bad, it requires a higher guidance, one represented by divine law. This theme is taken up by Aristotle, but on a secular basis, with his idea that some things are right or wrong by nature. For Aristotle, the straight orientation of the technique does not depend primarily on knowledge of certain ethical rules, but on the formation of character, since knowledge of what is good depends on the moral disposition of the subject.

No "Canto ao homem", coletado em Antígona, Sófocles ressaltou a ambiguidade moral da técnica. Como pode ser usada tanto para bem quanto para mal, requer uma orientação superior, representada pelas leis divinas. Esse tema é retomado por Aristóteles, embora sobre bases seculares, com sua ideia de que há coisas que são justas ou injustas por natureza. Para ele, a reta orientação da técnica não depende primeiramente do conhecimento de certas regras éticas, mas sim da formação do caráter já que o conhecimento do bem depende das disposições morais do sujeito.

Weight-for-age standard score distribution and effect on in-hospital mortality: A retrospective analysis in pediatric cardiac surgery.

Objective: To study the distribution of weight for age standard score (Z score) in pediatric cardiac surgery and its effect on in-hospital mortality. Introduction: WHO recommends Standard Score (Z score) to quantify and describe anthropometric data. The distribution of weight for age Z score and its effect on mortality in congenital heart surgery has not been studied. Methods: All patients of younger than 5 years who underwent cardiac surgery from July 2007 to June 2013, under single surgical unit at our institute were enrolled. Z score for weight for age was calculated. Patients were classified according to Z score and mortality across the classes was compared. Discrimination and calibration of the for Z score model was assessed. Improvement in predictability of mortality after addition of Z score to Aristotle Comprehensive Complexity (ACC) score was analyzed. Results: The median Z score was -3.2 (Interquartile range -4.24 to -1.91] with weight (mean±SD) of 8.4 ± 3.38 kg. Overall mortality was 11.5%. 71% and 52.59% of patients had Z score < -2 and < -3 respectively. Lower Z score classes were associated with progressively increasing mortality. Z score as continuous variable was associated with O.R. of 0.622 (95% CI- 0.527 to 0.733, P < 0.0001) for in-hospital mortality and remained significant predictor even after adjusting for age, gender, bypass duration and ACC score. Addition of Z score to ACC score improved its predictability for in-hosptial mortality (δC - 0.0661 [95% CI - 0.017 to 0.0595, P = 0.0169], IDI- 3.83% [95% CI - 0.017 to 0.0595, P = 0.00042]). Conclusion: Z scores were lower in our cohort and were associated with in-hospital mortality. Addition of Z score to ACC score significantly improves predictive ability for in-hospital mortality.

Aristóteles: pionero en el estudio de la anatomía comparada / Aristotle: pioneer in the study of comparative anatomy

Aristóteles (384-322 a. n. e.); filosofo prodigioso, de amplios conocimientos, investigador incansable y enciclopédico, con sentido crítico y didáctico, resumió y abarco la sabiduría antigua, enriqueciéndola con sus valiosas observaciones, experiencias y descubrimientos, fundador de numerosos campos del saber universal entre ellos; el estudio de la Lógica, la Historia natural, la biología, la anatomía comparada, la zoología, la embriología, y la botánica.

Aristotle (384-322 b. c. e.), prodigious philosopher who possessed extensive encyclopedic knowledge, a tireless researcher with critical and didactic sense, summarized and spanned ancient wisdom, enriching it with his valuable observations, comments, and discoveries. He was the founder of numerous areas of universal knowledge, which included the study of logic, natural history, biology, comparative anatomy, zoology, embryology, and botany.

Aristotelian Philosophy in Its Bearing on Anatomical Thought / 체질인류학회지

Although Aristotle is commonly known as a theoretical philosopher and a logician, he was also a great natural scientist. Actually in modern terms he was the first ever anatomist who originated anatomy. Despite the fact that he didn't directly dissect humans, he observed parts of fetus and tried systematic analysis of animal bodies. The achievements he has accomplished in human anatomy and animal comparative anatomy are countless. He accurately described organs and built a foundation for presenting scientific reasons in anatomical research. Furthermore, he made modern nomenclature which is still being used today and his observational skills were so precise it was hard to even believe. Even though there were a lot of errors in his physiological concepts, his structural descriptions about organs and body parts were the best at that time. The aim of this article is to discuss how Aristotle's anatomy and philosophy are closely related. It's aim is to take a look at his anatomical achievements, errors and Aristotelian philosophy in its bearing on anatomical thoughts. In addition, the goal is to knowledge today's anatomists about Aristotle's astonishing achievements as a great pioneer in anatomy.

Freud, Breuer y aristóteles: catarsis y el descubrimiento del edipo / Freud, Breuer and aristotle: catharsis and the discovery of oedipus

Psychoanalysis was originated from the cathartic method first practiced by Breuer and then by Freud. There are no hard data that can explain why Freud took so long in using it and why he associated it regularly with hypnosis rather than apply as the exclusive psychotherapeutic tool. It is argued that its creation was closely related to the concept of catharsis, as Aristotle understood it, that is to say, as the emotions that the audience discharge when attend a tragedy. The friendship and partnership between Breuer and Freud ended in a bitter breakup, delaying Freud's intellectual development. It is postulated that the breakdown was the result of an unresolved Oedipus complex of Freud in relation to an ambivalent father figure: a persecutory, tyrannical, angry one, that represented Breuer, and a good, sublimated, idealized one, that personified Freud's close friend Wilhelm FlieB.

El psicoanálisis nació a partir del método catártico practicado primero por Breuer y luego por Freud. No se tienen datos para saber porqué Freud demoró tanto tiempo en utilizarlo y también se desconoce porqué lo asoció regularmente a la hipnosis en lugar de aplicarlo como psicoterapia única. Se plantea que su creación estuvo estrechamente vinculada al concepto de catarsis desarrollada por Aristóteles, es decir, la descarga de emociones que los espectadores experimentan cuando acuden a presenciar una tragedia. La amistad y el trabajo conjunto entre Breuer y Freud terminaron en una áspera ruptura, la que retrasó el desarrollo intelectual de Freud. Se postula que el quiebre fue producto de un complejo de Edipo no resuelto de Freud en relación a una figura de padre escindida entre un objeto interno persecutorio, tiránico, rabioso que proyectó en Breuer, y otro bueno, sublimado, idealizado que desplazó en la persona de su amigo íntimo Wilhelm FlieB.

Predicting mortality after congenital heart surgeries: Evaluation of the Aristotle and Risk Adjustement in Congenital Heart surgery-1 risk prediction scoring systems: A retrospective single center analysis of 1150 patients.

Aims and Objectives: To validate Aristotle basic complexity and Aristotle comprehensive complexity (ABC and ACC) and risk adjustment in congenital heart surgery‑1 (RACHS‑1) prediction models for in hospital mortality after surgery for congenital heart disease in a single surgical unit. Materials and Methods: Patients younger than 18 years, who had undergone surgery for congenital heart diseases from July 2007 to July 2013 were enrolled. Scoring for ABC and ACC scoring and assigning to RACHS‑1 categories were done retrospectively from retrieved case files. Discriminative power of scoring systems was assessed with area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating curves (ROC). Calibration (test for goodness of fit of the model) was measured with Hosmer‑Lemeshow modification of χ2 test. Net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were applied to assess reclassification. Results: A total of 1150 cases were assessed with an all‑cause in‑hospital mortality rate of 7.91%. When modeled for multivariate regression analysis, the ABC (χ2 = 8.24, P = 0.08), ACC (χ2 = 4.17, P = 0.57) and RACHS‑1 (χ2 = 2.13, P = 0.14) scores showed good overall performance. The AUC was 0.677 with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.61-0.73 for ABC score, 0.704 (95% CI: 0.64-0.76) for ACC score and for RACHS‑1 it was 0.607 (95%CI: 0.55-0.66). ACC had an improved predictability in comparison to RACHS‑1 and ABC on analysis with NRI and IDI. Conclusions: ACC predicted mortality better than ABC and RCAHS‑1 models. A national database will help in developing predictive models unique to our populations, till then, ACC scoring model can be used to analyze individual performances and compare with other institutes.

Una lista de control para definir los procesos psicológicos / Um check-list para definir os processos psicológicos / A checklist to define the psychological processes

This essay explores a conceptual definition of psychological processes. Previous researchers from the fields of psychology and neuroscience have noted that improving the definition of psychological processes may be extremely useful to help current efforts to map the neurobiological basis of psychological phenomena. In this essay Isuggest a conceptual path in which psychological processes might be characterized by their material, efficient, formal, and final causes. I briefly explore the potential use of this way of defining psychological processes for neuroscience and psychology, and also comment on the effect it may have for the traditional distinction between basic and higher-order processes.

El ensayo tiene como objetivo explorar una definición conceptual de los procesos psicológicos. Investigadores contemporáneos en psicología y neurociencia han observado que mejorar la definición de los procesos psicológicos puede ser extremadamente útil para contribuir a los intentos actuales de localizar las bases neurobiológicas de los fenómenos psicológicos. En este ensayo sugiero una alternativa conceptual en la que los procesos psicológicos podrían ser caracterizados por sus causas materiales, formales, eficientes y finales. Brevemente exploro el potencial de esta forma de definir los procesos psicológicos en neurociencias y en psicología, así como sus posibles implicaciones en la distinción tradicional entre procesos básicos y procesos superiores.

Neste ensaio exploro uma definição conceitual de processos psicológicos. Pesquisadores precedentes da psicologia e neurociência notaram que melhorando a definição de processos psicológicos poderia ser extremamente útil para contribuir com os esforços atuais para mapear a base neurobiológica do fenômeno psicológico. Sugiro uma via conceitual na qual os processos psicoló-gicos possam ser caracterizados pelas suas causas materiais, causas eficazes, causas formais e causas finais. Brevemente exploro o uso potencial deste modo de definir os processos psicológicos para a neurociência e psicologia, e suas possíveis implicações para a distinção tradicional entre processos básicos e processos superiores.

Art-Chance and Art-Experience in Classical Greece / 의사학

In Classical Greece, works defining the nature of art appeared in the various disciplines like medicine, rhetoric, dietetics, architecture and painting. Hippocratic authors tried to show that an art of medicine existed indeed. They contrasted the concept of art with that of chance, not experience that Plato and Aristotle distinguished from art. In fact there are similarities and discrepancies between Hippocratic epistemology and Platoic epistemology. Hippocratic authors maintained that the products of chance were not captured by art. They distinguished the domain of art charactered by explanatory knowledge and prediction from the domain of chance ruled by the unexplained and the unforeseeable. They minimized the role of luck and believed the role of art. Hippocratic authors thought that professional ability contained both knowledge and experience. In Hippocratic corpus, experience is a synonym of competence and usually has a positive meaning. But Plato gave empirical knowledge the disdainful sense and decided a ranking between two types of knowledge. Both Hippocratic authors and Plato held that a genuine art had connection with explanatory knowledge of the nature of its subject matter. A common theme that goes through arguments about art-chance and art-chance is the connection between art and nature. Hippocratic authors and Plato regarded art as a highly systematic process. Art provides us with general and explanatory knowledge of human nature. Art and nature is a mutual relationship. The systematic understanding of nature helps us gain the exactness of art and an exact art helps us understand nature well.

Teoria pura da lógica / Pure theory of logic

Neste trabalho sustento que conjuntos desestruturados de proposições são o objeto primário da lógica, e não os argumentos. A consistência lógica é uma noção logicamente pura, enquanto a validade lógica é uma noção lógica epistemicamente matizada. Essa concepção respeita integralmente nossas intuições acerca da lógica, ao contrário da concepção tradicional.

In this paper I sustain that unstructured sets of propositions are the primary object of Logic, not arguments. Logical consistency is a purely logical notion, while logical validity is a logical notion epistemically tinged. This conception fully complies with our intuitions about Logic, unlike the traditional conception.

O ideal em questão / The Ideal on focus

Partindo da formulação lacaniana segundo a qual "em todo psicanalisante, há um discípulo de Aristóteles", o artigo pretende abordar o impasse atual no governo de si e dos outros articulando-o à servidão voluntária ao ideal platônico do filósofo-rei. Propondo pensar a questão de como sair dessa servidão, o autor versa sobre as críticas de Aristóteles, Arendt e Leo Strauss a uma política elaborada com base no modelo da família.

Based on the Lacanian formulation that "in every psychoanalysand, there is a disciple of Aristotle", the article aims to address the current impasse in the government of self and others linking it to voluntary servitude to the platonic ideal of the philosopher-king. Proposing to consider the question of how to get out of this bondage, the author discusses the criticism of Aristotle, Arendt and Leo Strauss to a policy which is based on the family model.

History and medicine in history, 450BC – 1450 AD

This article examines the parallel histories of medicine and history to about 1450. They emerged together as part of the shift from poetry to prose in Greek culture in the fifth century BC. They each pursued similar strategies of observation, compilation, and analysis. Hippocratic medicine provided a paradigm for Thucydides‟ development of analytic history. Medicine was further systematised by Galen in the second century AD. After the collapse and division of the Roman Empire, the Dar al-Islam became the main area of intellectual advance. Its scholars had little interest in Graeco-Roman historians, but they translated and used the scientific and medical writers. In both history and medicine they tried to create sciences based on Aristotelian philosophy. The article looks in particular at Avicenna‟s attempt to reconcile Aristotle and Galen, and compares this with the eighteenth century debate between preformationists and epigeneticists. It emphasises the need to look at such arguments in the context of their times, and notes the continuing tension between the simplicity of theory and the messiness of data. The transfer of learning from the Dar al-Islam into Western Europe paralleled that from the Graeco-Roman world into the Dar al-Islam. Again, historical writing was overlooked, but philosophical, scientific, and medical writers were translated. They would be the basis for the development of modern science.

Darwin y la impssibilidad de causas finales en la bollogía / Darwin and the Impossibility of Final Causes in Biology

La teoría de la selección natural propuesta por Charles Darwin en su obra El origen de las especies no solo colocó las bases para una explicación coherente de los hechos fundamentales de la biología (el origen común de los seres vivos, la diversidad de individuos y especies y la transmisión de características hereditarias), sino que además introdujo maneras nuevas de hacer filosofía. La teoría de la selección natural hace superflua cualquier posibilidad de apelar a explicaciones de tipo finalista en la ciencia. Desde Aristóteles se conocen cuatro tipos de causa: la material, la formal, la eficiente y la final. Aunque la causa eficiente es el paradigma de explicación por exce-lencia de las ciencias naturales, la causa final sigue desempeñando un papel explicativo, por cuanto parece estar arraigada en nuestra estructura humana de pensamiento y la tendencia a presentar explicaciones finalistas sigue siendo recalcitrante. Quizá por estar los seres humanos tan familiarizados con la complejidad inherente a los procesos de diseño en las artes y en la técnica y quizá por la circunstancia de que los seres humanos organizamos casi todas nuestras acciones en torno a propósitos, es decir, a la definición de unos fines para los cuales buscamos unos medios, suponemos por vía de analogía que la naturaleza en su complejidad exige la presencia y acción de un diseñador inteligente. Kant en la Crítica de la facultad de juzgar hace una defensa del carácter "irrenunciable al género humano" de este modelo explicativo. Para contro-vertir esta opinión milenaria, me apoyaré, en investigaciones recientes de Richard Dawkins y de otros biólogos contemporáneos para mostrar con la evolución de ojos en la naturaleza que el surgimiento de órganos de alta complejidad puede ser explicado sin problema con la teoría de la selección natural propuesta por Darwin en 1859.

Darwin’s theory of natural selection in The Origin of Species not only laid the fundamental elements for a persuasive explanation of biological facts (as the common origin of all living beings, the rich diversity of individuals and species and partially the transmission of hereditary characters), but rather it introduces new forms for doing philosophy. The theory of natural selection leaves no room for final explanations and causes in the natural sciences. Since Aristotle there are four types of causes: material, formal, efficient and final. The efficient cause is since the 17th century the established model of explanation in natural science. However the final cause type of explanation seems to be well rooted in the structure of our human understanding. As creative artists, as craft designers, as lawgivers in societies, human beings are fully conscious that complexity in organization requires previous intelligence. As free rational beings we tend to organize most of our actions as purposive in terms of selecting ends and means. As I will show we suppose wrongly by way of analogy that the explanation of complexity in nature likewise requires the presence and the action of an intelligent being. Kant in his Kritik der Urteilskraft defended that this model of explanation seems to be "unrejectable for human beings". With an analysis of contemporary research work done by Richard Dawkins and others on the evolution of eyes in nature, I will show that in 1859 Darwin´s theory of natural selection demolished this millenary way of thinking, in which final cause has a place for explanation in natural science.

A presença de Aristóteles no livro Como pensamos, de John Dewey / The presence of Aristotle in the book How we think by John Dewey

Este artigo integra um projeto de pesquisa que tem por objetivo discutir eventuais relações entre as teses de John Dewey e a filosofia grega clássica, especialmente em torno da noção de conhecimento ou ciência, no intuito de compreender os mecanismos de "apropriação" e "recontextualização" presentes na elaboração de discursos pedagógicos. Para isso, analisamos o livro Como pensamos, em que se encontram os fundamentos da teoria lógica deweyana, procedendo a uma interpretação das idéias do autor à luz do pensamento de Aristóteles. As conclusões indicam haver certas aproximações e diferenças entre as concepções dos dois filósofos, o que permite formular algumas hipóteses para novos estudos acerca das relações entre Dewey e Aristóteles.

This article is part of a research project whose goal is discussing occasional relations between John Dewey's thesis and the classical Greek philosophy, especially concerning the notion of knowledge or science. We intend to understand the mechanisms behind the "appropriation" and "re-contextualization" in Pedagogical discourses. In order to do so, we analyzed the book How we think, in which the fundamentals of Dewey's logical theory can be seen, proceeding to an interpretation of his ideas based on Aristotle's. Our conclusion points to some similarities and distinctions between the two philosophers' conceptions, allowing us to raise some new hypothesis for further studies about relations between Dewey and Aristotle.